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Crop circle
A crop circle or crop formation is a pattern created by flattening a crop,〔http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/crop-circle?q=crop+circle〕 usually a cereal. A commentary in ''The Guardian'' noted that "()t is still open to dispute whether some are caused by natural phenomena or all created by human hand," but crop circles, as Taner Edis, professor of physics at Truman State University puts it, "all fall within the range of the sort of thing done in hoaxes."〔Edis, T. ''Science and Nonbelief''. Prometheus Books. 2008, p. 138. ISBN 1-59102-561-3 "Skeptics begin by pointing out that many paranormal claims are the result of fraud or hoaxes. Crop circles — elaborate patterns that appear on fields overnight — appear to be of this sort. Many crop circle makers have come forth or have been exposed. We know a great deal about their various techniques. So we do not need to find the perpetrator of every crop circle to figure out that probably they all are human made. Many true believers remain who continue to think there is something paranormal — perhaps alien — about crop circles. But the circles we know all fall within the range of the sort of thing done in hoaxes. Nothing stands out as extraordinary."〕 Although obscure natural causes or alien origins of crop circles are suggested by fringe theorists, there is no scientific evidence for such explanations, and human causes are consistent for all crop circles.〔Hines. T. ''Pseudoscience and the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books, 2003. pp. 295-296. ISBN 1-57392-979-4〕〔Soto, J. ''Crop Cirles''. In Michael Shermer (Ed). ''The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience''. ABC-CLIO. pp. 67-70. ISBN 1-57607-653-9〕〔Radford, B. ("Crop Circles Explained" ). LiveScience.〕
The number of crop circles has substantially increased from the 1970s to current times. There has been almost no serious scientific study of them. Circles in the United Kingdom are not spread randomly across the landscape but appear near roads, areas of medium to dense population, and cultural heritage monuments, such as Stonehenge or Avebury, and always in areas of easy access. In 1991, two hoaxers, Bower and Chorley, made disputed claims to have created many circles throughout England after one of their circles was publicly certified by a notable circle investigator, as impossible to be made by human hand.〔
Formations are usually created overnight,〔 although some are reported to have appeared during the day. In contrast to crop circles or crop formations, archeological remains can cause cropmarks in the fields in the shapes of circles and squares, but they do not appear overnight, and they are always in the same places every year.
== History ==
The concept of "crop circles" began with the original late-1970s hoaxes by Doug Bower and Dave Chorley (see Bower and Chorley, below).〔〔〔 They said that they were inspired by the Tully "saucer nest" case in Australia, where a farmer found a flattened circle of swamp reeds after observing a UFO.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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